{"id":5340,"date":"2025-12-18T12:17:45","date_gmt":"2025-12-18T12:17:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340"},"modified":"2025-12-18T12:17:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T12:17:45","slug":"18-decembre-1834-le-massacre-de-rathcormac-une-manifestation-sanglante-de-loppression-coloniale-britannique-en-irlande","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340","title":{"rendered":"18 d\u00e9cembre 1834 : le massacre de Rathcormac, une manifestation sanglante de l’oppression coloniale britannique en Irlande"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le 18 d\u00e9cembre 1834, dans le comt\u00e9 de Cork, en Irlande, un \u00e9v\u00e9nement sanglant marque la fin dramatique de la \u00ab Guerre des D\u00eemes \u00bb (Tithe War). Pr\u00e8s du village de Bartlemy, dans la paroisse civile de Gortroe (ou Gortnaroughey), une confrontation oppose environ 250 paysans irlandais catholiques, \u00e0 une force arm\u00e9e compos\u00e9e d’une centaine de soldats et de policiers. Ce jour-l\u00e0, au moins 12 personnes sont tu\u00e9es et des dizaines bless\u00e9es lorsque les troupes ouvrent le feu sur la foule. Connu sous le nom de \u00ab massacre de Rathcormac \u00bb ou \u00ab massacre de Gortroe \u00bb, cet \u00e9pisode illustre les profondes tensions religieuses, sociales et \u00e9conomiques qui traversent l’Irlande sous domination britannique au d\u00e9but du XIXe si\u00e8cle.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le Contexte : La Guerre des D\u00eemes (1830-1838)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pour comprendre Rathcormac, il faut remonter \u00e0 la source du conflit. Depuis la R\u00e9forme au XVIe si\u00e8cle, les Irlandais, en grande majorit\u00e9 catholiques, sont oblig\u00e9s de payer la d\u00eeme (tithe), un imp\u00f4t \u00e9quivalant \u00e0 environ 10 % de leur production agricole, au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de l’\u00c9glise d’Irlande, l’\u00c9glise anglicane \u00e9tablie et protestante. Cette obligation est per\u00e7ue comme une injustice flagrante : les catholiques financent une \u00c9glise minoritaire (environ 10-15 % de la population) \u00e0 laquelle ils ne sont pas li\u00e9s. Apr\u00e8s l’\u00e9mancipation catholique de 1829, qui accorde enfin des droits politiques aux catholiques, les tensions explosent. \u00c0 partir de 1830, une campagne de d\u00e9sob\u00e9issance civile non violente s’organise : les paysans refusent massivement de payer la d\u00eeme. <\/span><\/p>\n

Ce mouvement, surnomm\u00e9 la \u00ab Guerre des D\u00eemes \u00bb, touche surtout les provinces du Leinster et du Munster. Les pr\u00eatres catholiques, comme le p\u00e8re Patt Lawlor, encouragent la r\u00e9sistance passive. Les collecteurs de d\u00eemes, souvent accompagn\u00e9s de policiers ou de soldats, saisissent alors du b\u00e9tail ou des biens pour compenser les arri\u00e9r\u00e9s. <\/span>Des incidents violents \u00e9clatent d\u00e8s 1831, comme \u00e0 Newtownbarry (comt\u00e9 de Wexford) o\u00f9 12 manifestants sont tu\u00e9s. Mais la r\u00e9sistance reste majoritairement pacifique : cloches d’\u00e9glise sonnant l’alarme, rassemblements pour emp\u00eacher les saisies, ostracisme des collaborateurs.<\/span><\/p>\n

L’\u00c9v\u00e9nement du 18 D\u00e9cembre 1834<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Au c\u0153ur du conflit se trouve l’archidiacre William Ryder, recteur de la paroisse de Gortroe et magistrat r\u00e9sident. Ryder, un homme riche et influent, accumule des arri\u00e9r\u00e9s de d\u00eemes. Le 1er novembre 1834, les paiements dus ne sont pas vers\u00e9s. D\u00e9cid\u00e9 \u00e0 faire respecter l’autorit\u00e9, Ryder organise une exp\u00e9dition de saisie (distraining party) avec deux autres magistrats : Richard Boyle Bagley et William Cooke Collis. Anticipant une r\u00e9sistance, ils obtiennent une escorte militaire impressionnante : des d\u00e9tachements du 29e R\u00e9giment d’Infanterie, du 4e Royal Irish Dragoon Guards et de la Royal Irish Constabulary, soit environ 100 hommes arm\u00e9s. La cible principale est Johanna Ryan, une veuve pauvre de Ballinakilla, qui doit 40 shillings (environ 2 livres) de d\u00eemes arri\u00e9r\u00e9es \u2013 une somme modeste, mais symbolique de l’injustice per\u00e7ue. La nouvelle de l’arriv\u00e9e imminente se r\u00e9pand la veille : des signaux (comme des cornes ou des rassemblements) alertent les habitants.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Le matin du 18 d\u00e9cembre, pr\u00e8s de Bluebell Hill, \u00e0 Bartlemy Cross, une foule de 250 \u00e0 300 paysans se rassemble. Arm\u00e9s seulement de b\u00e2tons, pierres et quelques piques, ils bloquent la route. Les manifestants repoussent d’abord l’escorte \u00e0 coups de projectiles. Les soldats avancent, mais sont repouss\u00e9s pendant pr\u00e8s de 45 minutes. Le major James Waller, commandant l’escorte, lit alors l’Acte d’\u00c9meute (Riot Act), ordonnant la dispersion. Face \u00e0 la persistance de la foule, qui prot\u00e8ge la ferme de la veuve Ryan, il donne l’ordre de tirer. Les salves font neuf morts sur place ; plusieurs bless\u00e9s succombent ensuite, portant le bilan \u00e0 au moins 12 morts (certaines sources parlent de 20) et une quarantaine de bless\u00e9s. Aucun soldat n’est tu\u00e9, bien que plusieurs soient bless\u00e9s par des pierres. La foule se disperse ; la veuve Ryan finit par payer sa d\u00eeme sous la contrainte. <\/span><\/p>\n

Les Cons\u00e9quences Imm\u00e9diates et \u00e0 Long Terme<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Le massacre choque l’opinion publique irlandaise. Des enqu\u00eates parlementaires suivent, et Daniel O’Connell, leader du mouvement pour l’abrogation de l’Union, d\u00e9nonce vigoureusement l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement \u00e0 la Chambre des Communes. \u00c0 Dublin Castle, si\u00e8ge de l’administration britannique en Irlande, on change de politique : plus d’escortes militaires automatiques pour les collecteurs de d\u00eemes ; il faut d\u00e9sormais prouver un danger r\u00e9el. Rathcormac est souvent qualifi\u00e9 de \u00ab derni\u00e8re bataille de la Guerre des D\u00eemes \u00bb. Bien que des incidents mineurs persistent, le mouvement s’essouffle. En 1838, le Tithe Commutation Act convertit les d\u00eemes en une rente fonci\u00e8re pay\u00e9e par les propri\u00e9taires (souvent protestants), all\u00e9geant le fardeau direct sur les tenanciers catholiques. Cet \u00e9pisode acc\u00e9l\u00e8re le d\u00e9clin de l’\u00c9glise anglicane d’Irlande, per\u00e7ue comme un vestige colonial. Il pr\u00e9figure aussi les luttes agraires futures, comme la Land War des ann\u00e9es 1870-1880. <\/span>En 1984, pour le 150e anniversaire, un monument est \u00e9rig\u00e9 \u00e0 Gortroe, listant les noms des victimes et qualifiant l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement de \u00ab bataille finale de la Guerre des D\u00eemes \u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e9ritage d’une Injustice<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Pr\u00e8s de deux si\u00e8cles plus tard, le massacre de Rathcormac reste un symbole des oppressions subies par les Irlandais catholiques sous le r\u00e9gime britannique. Pour une somme d\u00e9risoire de 40 shillings, des vies ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fauch\u00e9es, r\u00e9v\u00e9lant l’absurdit\u00e9 d’un syst\u00e8me d’exploitation o\u00f9 une minorit\u00e9 anglaise imposait sa religion \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 irlandaise. Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 forger l’identit\u00e9 nationale irlandaise, alimentant le ressentiment qui m\u00e8nera \u00e0 l’ind\u00e9pendance un si\u00e8cle plus tard. Aujourd’hui, le site pr\u00e8s de Bartlemy rappelle cette page sombre de l’histoire, invitant \u00e0 la r\u00e9flexion sur la justice sociale et religieuse.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le 18 d\u00e9cembre 1834, dans le comt\u00e9 de Cork, en Irlande, un \u00e9v\u00e9nement sanglant marque la fin dramatique de la \u00ab Guerre des D\u00eemes \u00bb (Tithe War). Pr\u00e8s du village de Bartlemy, dans la paroisse civile de Gortroe (ou Gortnaroughey), une confrontation oppose environ 250 paysans irlandais catholiques, \u00e0 une force arm\u00e9e compos\u00e9e d’une centaine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5343,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sb_editor_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[75,65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire","category-principale"],"relative_dates":{"created":"5 mois ago","modified":"5 mois ago"},"yoast_head":"\n18 d\u00e9cembre 1834 : le massacre de Rathcormac, une manifestation sanglante de l'oppression coloniale britannique en Irlande - STOURM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"18 d\u00e9cembre 1834 : le massacre de Rathcormac, une manifestation sanglante de l'oppression coloniale britannique en Irlande - STOURM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le 18 d\u00e9cembre 1834, dans le comt\u00e9 de Cork, en Irlande, un \u00e9v\u00e9nement sanglant marque la fin dramatique de la \u00ab Guerre des D\u00eemes \u00bb (Tithe War). Pr\u00e8s du village de Bartlemy, dans la paroisse civile de Gortroe (ou Gortnaroughey), une confrontation oppose environ 250 paysans irlandais catholiques, \u00e0 une force arm\u00e9e compos\u00e9e d’une centaine […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"STOURM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/stourmnews\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-18T12:17:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/DPI12310458__35664.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"740\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"La r\u00e9daction\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"La r\u00e9daction\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"La r\u00e9daction\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/#\/schema\/person\/c3e1dc65988632e190969234ef046cf9\"},\"headline\":\"18 d\u00e9cembre 1834 : le massacre de Rathcormac, une manifestation sanglante de l’oppression coloniale britannique en Irlande\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-18T12:17:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340\"},\"wordCount\":995,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/1867025_1_seoimageog_fons_2bmassacre.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Histoire\",\"Principale\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5340\",\"name\":\"18 d\u00e9cembre 1834 : le massacre de Rathcormac, une manifestation sanglante de l'oppression coloniale britannique en Irlande - 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