{"id":5375,"date":"2025-12-23T08:14:37","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T08:14:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5375"},"modified":"2025-12-23T08:14:37","modified_gmt":"2025-12-23T08:14:37","slug":"23-decembre-1720-le-grand-incendie-de-rennes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5375","title":{"rendered":"23 d\u00e9cembre 1720 : le grand incendie de Rennes"},"content":{"rendered":"

En d\u00e9cembre 1720, Roazhon, capitale administrative de la Bretagne, se pr\u00e9sentait comme une ville typiquement m\u00e9di\u00e9vale, dense et anim\u00e9e. Encercl\u00e9e par ses remparts, la cit\u00e9 \u00e9tait travers\u00e9e par un lacis de ruelles \u00e9troites et sinueuses, souvent \u00e0 peine larges de trois m\u00e8tres. Les maisons, construites en pans de bois et torchis, s\u2019\u00e9levaient sur cinq ou six \u00e9tages, avec des encorbellements successifs qui avan\u00e7aient sur la rue pour gagner de la place au prix de l\u2019ensoleillement.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

La ville haute concentrait le pouvoir et la richesse : le majestueux Palais du Parlement, si\u00e8ge de la haute justice bretonne, dominait l\u2019espace. Autour, s\u2019alignaient la grande cohue (march\u00e9 couvert), le beffroi municipal, l\u2019\u00e9glise Saint-Sauveur, ainsi que de nombreux h\u00f4tels particuliers appartenant aux parlementaires et \u00e0 la noblesse. Ces b\u00e2timents regorgeaient aussi de bois : charpentes, lambris, meubles, r\u00e9serves de chauffage accumul\u00e9es pour l\u2019hiver. Les rues \u00e9taient encombr\u00e9es de boutiques au rez-de-chauss\u00e9e, de greniers remplis de marchandises et de provisions. Les contemporains \u00e9taient conscients du risque : plusieurs petits incendies avaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 ravag\u00e9 des quartiers isol\u00e9s au cours des si\u00e8cles pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents. Pourtant, rien n\u2019avait \u00e9t\u00e9 fait pour moderniser l\u2019urbanisme ou imposer des r\u00e8gles de construction plus s\u00e9curitaires. La cit\u00e9 vivait dans une fragilit\u00e9 ignor\u00e9e, pr\u00eate \u00e0 basculer en catastrophe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9clenchement et la propagation de l\u2019incendie<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Actuellement rue de l’Horloge<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Dans la nuit du 22 au 23 d\u00e9cembre 1720, alors que l’hiver battait son plein et que les habitants de Roazhon avaient stock\u00e9 du bois en abondance pour se chauffer, le drame se d\u00e9clencha dans un modeste atelier de menuisier. Henri Boutrouel, dit La Cav\u00e9e, un artisan connu pour son temp\u00e9rament, habitait rue Tristin \u2013 l’actuelle rue de l’Horloge. Lors d’une querelle conjugale anim\u00e9e, et sous l’effet de l’alcool, il renversa malencontreusement une chandelle allum\u00e9e sur un tas de copeaux de bois secs accumul\u00e9s dans son atelier. Les flammes prirent imm\u00e9diatement, se propageant \u00e0 une vitesse terrifiante dans cette maison enti\u00e8rement construite en bois. Les vents variables de cette nuit d’hiver attis\u00e8rent le feu, qui sauta rapidement aux b\u00e2timents voisins, eux aussi satur\u00e9s de mat\u00e9riaux inflammables : charpentes, lambris, r\u00e9serves de chauffage et marchandises stock\u00e9es. En quelques heures, toute la rue fut embras\u00e9e, et le feu mena\u00e7a la Porte Saint-Michel. Les contemporains d\u00e9crivirent la ville comme un \u00ab\u00a0merveilleux b\u00fbcher tout appr\u00eat\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

En rouge, \u00e9tendue des destructions de l’incendie<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Le brasier dura six jours entiers, jusqu’au 29 d\u00e9cembre, d\u00e9vorant sans rel\u00e2che la ville haute. Au total, pr\u00e8s de 1 000 maisons sur 34 rues furent r\u00e9duites en cendres, couvrant environ 10 hectares \u2013 soit 40 % de la partie la plus dense et prestigieuse de Roazhon. Parmi les \u00e9difices perdus : le beffroi, la grande cohue, l’\u00e9glise Saint-Sauveur et de nombreux h\u00f4tels particuliers, avec des pertes estim\u00e9es \u00e0 plus de 8,8 millions de livres.<\/span><\/p>\n

La lutte contre le feu et les cons\u00e9quences imm\u00e9diates<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Les premi\u00e8res heures de l\u2019incendie furent marqu\u00e9es par un chaos total. Les habitants, r\u00e9veill\u00e9s en pleine nuit, se pr\u00e9cipit\u00e8rent pour sauver leurs biens plut\u00f4t que pour \u00e9teindre les flammes. Les pompes manuelles \u00e9taient rares et inefficaces, les seaux passaient de main en main dans un d\u00e9sordre g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Les soldats fran\u00e7ais du r\u00e9giment d\u2019Auvergne, qui avaient appel\u00e9s en renfort, se livr\u00e8rent au pillage au lieu d\u2019aider. Le repr\u00e9sentant du roi de France en Bretagne h\u00e9sita longtemps \u00e0 ordonner la d\u00e9molition de maisons enti\u00e8res pour cr\u00e9er des coupe-feu. Ce n\u2019est que lorsque le feu atteignit les boutiques sur les ponts de la Vilaine, mena\u00e7ant de s\u2019\u00e9tendre \u00e0 la ville basse, que des mesures radicales furent prises. Pierre de Brilhac, repr\u00e9sentant du gouvernement du roi de France aupr\u00e8s du Parlement de Bretagne, organisa la d\u00e9fense du Palais en faisant remplir d\u2019eau les toits couverts de plomb. Le sixi\u00e8me jour, une pluie torrentielle, per\u00e7ue comme un miracle divin, finit par venir \u00e0 bout des derniers foyers. Dans les ruines fumantes de l\u2019\u00e9glise Saint-Sauveur, seule la statue de Notre-Dame des Miracles et des Vertus resta intacte. Elle fut imm\u00e9diatement port\u00e9e en procession solennelle vers les Augustins, renfor\u00e7ant durablement le culte marial \u00e0 Roazhon. Le bilan humain fut lourd : une douzaine de morts confirm\u00e9s, des milliers de sans-abri en plein hiver glacial. Pour les h\u00e9berger, 248 baraques en bois furent h\u00e2tivement construites sur les places, les remparts et les terrains vacants. L\u2019afflux de population venue des campagnes pour travailler sur les futurs chantiers accentua la pauvret\u00e9, la criminalit\u00e9 et les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales dans les quartiers \u00e9pargn\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p>\n

La reconstruction et l\u2019impact \u00e0 long terme<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jacques V Gabriel<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

La reconstruction de Roazhon d\u00e9buta r\u00e9ellement en 1726 et s\u2019acheva en 1754, marquant une rupture compl\u00e8te avec l\u2019ancienne ville m\u00e9di\u00e9vale. L\u2019ing\u00e9nieur militaire Isaac Robelin proposa un plan ambitieux : canaliser la Vilaine et reb\u00e2tir selon un trac\u00e9 orthogonal r\u00e9gulier, inspir\u00e9 des id\u00e9es modernes d\u2019urbanisme. Trop co\u00fbteux, ce projet fut adapt\u00e9 par l\u2019architecte Jacques V Gabriel, qui se concentra sur la zone sinistr\u00e9e. Les nouvelles r\u00e8gles furent strictes : obligation de construire en pierre de granit local, interdiction d\u00e9finitive des pans de bois et encorbellements, \u00e9largissement des rues, alignements rigoureux des fa\u00e7ades. La place du Palais devint une vaste esplanade ouverte ; sur l\u2019actuelle place de la Mairie, Gabriel con\u00e7ut l\u2019h\u00f4tel de ville et le pr\u00e9sidial, s\u00e9par\u00e9s par un \u00e9l\u00e9gant beffroi. Un port temporaire fut am\u00e9nag\u00e9 pour acheminer les mat\u00e9riaux en grande quantit\u00e9. Cette reconstruction donna \u00e0 Roazhon le visage que l\u2019on conna\u00eet encore aujourd\u2019hui : fa\u00e7ades s\u00e9v\u00e8res en granit, places sym\u00e9triques, perspectives a\u00e9r\u00e9es contrastant avec l\u2019ancien lacis \u00e9troit. \u00c9conomiquement, les chantiers stimul\u00e8rent l\u2019activit\u00e9 pendant des d\u00e9cennies, mais la perte d\u2019archives priv\u00e9es compliqua de nombreux litiges. Socialement, la ville haute reconstruite devint un quartier \u00e9litiste, accentuant les disparit\u00e9s avec les zones populaires \u00e9pargn\u00e9es. Dans la m\u00e9moire collective bretonne, l\u2019incendie reste un tournant tragique mais fondateur : Roazhon renaquit plus s\u00fbre, plus ordonn\u00e9e et majestueuse des cendres, portant pour toujours les marques de cette catastrophe qui la fit entrer dans la modernit\u00e9. <\/span><\/p>\n

Olier Kerdrel<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En d\u00e9cembre 1720, Roazhon, capitale administrative de la Bretagne, se pr\u00e9sentait comme une ville typiquement m\u00e9di\u00e9vale, dense et anim\u00e9e. Encercl\u00e9e par ses remparts, la cit\u00e9 \u00e9tait travers\u00e9e par un lacis de ruelles \u00e9troites et sinueuses, souvent \u00e0 peine larges de trois m\u00e8tres. Les maisons, construites en pans de bois et torchis, s\u2019\u00e9levaient sur cinq ou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5376,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"sb_editor_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[50,65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire-de-bretagne","category-principale"],"relative_dates":{"created":"4 mois ago","modified":"4 mois ago"},"yoast_head":"\n23 d\u00e9cembre 1720 : le grand incendie de Rennes - STOURM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/stourm.news\/?p=5375\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"23 d\u00e9cembre 1720 : le grand incendie de Rennes - STOURM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"En d\u00e9cembre 1720, Roazhon, capitale administrative de la Bretagne, se pr\u00e9sentait comme une ville typiquement m\u00e9di\u00e9vale, dense et anim\u00e9e. 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